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Oracle server processes running under the operating system perform all the database operations, such as inserting and deleting data. These Oracle processes, together with the memory structures allocated to Oracle by the operating system, form the working Oracle instance. There is a set of mandatory Oracle processes that need to be up and running for the database to function at all. Other Oracle processes are necessary only if you are using certain specialized features of Oracle (such as replicated databases). A process is essentially a connection or thread to the operating system that performs a task or job. The Oracle processes you ll encounter in this section are continuous, which means that they come up when the instance starts, and they stay up for the duration of the instance s life. Thus, they act like Oracle s hooks into the operating system s resources. A process on a UNIX system is analogous to a thread on a Windows system.

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A process on a Windows Oracle installation is somewhat different from a process on a UNIX system. Please refer to the discussion on managing Oracle on Windows in 20 for a full explanation of Windowsbased Oracle installations.

the hostname variable s value has been presented, the color is reset to the default. Changes to the text color can be accomplished together with and at the same time as modifications to the foreground and background color. Other attributes, such as blinking text, can be changed as well by using the appropriate variable. ANSI graphics were common on old dial-up bulletin-board systems prior to widespread Internet access. Note that when the blink attribute is used, the action of blinking utilizes network resources when displaying in remote terminals. The bandwidth used is probably minimal, but you should be aware of it. The blink attribute poses more of an issue when it is used over a serial connection with a modem. The next section of code grabs more data from various files in /proc to get a few more items of information, such as processor type and NIS domain name. The script then determines if the processor is manufactured by Intel or AMD and changes the output color depending on the vendor before printing this portion of the report to the screen.

Oracle processes are divided into two general types both for efficiency and to keep client processes separate from the database server s tasks: User processes: These processes are responsible for running the application that connects the user to the database instance. Oracle processes: These processes perform the Oracle server s tasks, and you can divide them into two major categories: server processes and background processes. Together, these processes perform all the actual work of the database, from managing connections to writing to logs and data files to monitoring the user processes.

A reference defined as a non-static field can only be accessed via an instance of that type. Therefore, it is a non-root reference. A reference defined as a static field of a managed type is a root reference because managed code can access it directly (via the static type s name not via another object). In addition to static and non-static fields, managed code also allows you to place references on the stack (e.g., via parameters or local variables). For a basic understanding of the GC process, it is sufficient to assume that references on the stack are root references, too. However, I will soon refine this statement. Objects that are neither directly nor indirectly reachable via any of the current root references are no longer needed by the application. If a root reference refers to an object on the managed heap, the object is still reachable for the application s code. If a reachable object refers to other objects, these objects are reachable, too. Determining the reachable objects is a recursive process because every object that is detected to be reachable can cause other objects to be reachable, too. The root references are the roots of a tree of reachable objects hence the name root references. Such a tree of objects is often called object graph.

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